*  UMASS/AMHERST  * 


312066  0344  2752   1 


JUNE,  1916 

Bulletin  of  the  University  of  Georgia 


VOL.  XVI 


Number  9 


Peabody  School  of 
Education 


ivic  Go-operation  in 
Community  Building 


cnrered  at  the  Post  Office   at  Athens,  Ga.,  as  Second  Class  Matter,  August   31,  1915, 
under  Act  of   Congress  of  July  leth,  1904.     Issued  Monthly  by  the  University. 

Serial  Number  262 


LIBRARY 


OF  THE 


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Civic  Co-operation  in 
Community  Building 


A  BRIEF  MANUAL  OF  COMMUNITY 
WORK  AND  STUDY 


Presented  by 

RICHARD  M.  ANDERSON  HARRY  S.  JENNINGS 

HARRY  M.  ARNOLD  ROBERT  J.  MARSHBURN 

SAMUEL  C.  BLUMENTHAL  LOUIS  K.  MARTIN 

ALONZO  P.  BOARDMAN  LOUIS  PESSIN 

HERBERT  E.  BUFFINGTON  WILLIAM  A.  RICHBOURG 

RALPH  B.  HOSCH  LAURENS  L.  TIMMONS 
Members  of  Education  9 


With  an  lutroduotion  for  the  Glasses  in 
Educational  Sociology 

by 

HOWARD  W.  ODUM 


Published  with  the   Co-operation   of 

THE  ATHENS  WOMAN'S  CLUB 

AND 

THE  CLASSES  IN  EDUCATIONAL  SOCIOLOGY 

THE  PEABODY  SCHOOL  OF  EDUCATION 

UNIVERSITY  OF  GEORGIA 


Preface  for  the  Athens  Woman's  Club. 


Most  of  us  desire  to  do  something  to  make  our  communities  better. 
At  best  voluntary  efforts  are  limited;  often  they  may  not  be  planned 
efficiently.  And  yet  it  cannot  be  doubted  that  we  can  accomplish 
much  in  social  welfare  and  service  by  extended  efforts  and  efficient 
methods.  To  extend,  therefore,  our  efforts  and  to  direct  them  effi- 
ciently is  the  logical  and  earnest  desire  of  every  enthusiastic  woman's 
club  member.    Every  step  in  this  direction  will  be  iwelcomed  by  us. 

As  one  means  to  such  an  end  and  as  an  example  of  the  sort  of  co- 
operation which  we  recommend,  the  Athens  Woman's  Club  cooperates 
gladly  with  this  class  of  students  at  the  University  of  Georgia  in 
presenting  a  little  manual  of  civic  cooperation  to  the  public.  We  wish 
to  commend  it  especially  to  the  Women's  Clubs  in  Georgia  with  the 
hope  that  it  may  offer  some  timely  information  and'  some  sugges- 
tions of  value. 

MRS.  THOMAS  F.  GREEN,  President. 

MRS.  HOWARD  W.  ODUM,  Chairman  Civic  Section. 


Introduction. 


is-' 


This  brief  manual  of  civic  cooperation  is  presented  with  two  funda- 
mental considerations  in  mind: 

1.  That  a  community  government  cannot  meet  community  needs 
adequately  without  civic  cooperation. 

2.  That  the  life  of  the  average  citizen  is  neither  complete  nor  ef- 
ficient without  some  knowledge  of  community  needs  and  some  part  in 
community  service. 

These  truths  are  being  expressed  more  and  more  in  present-day 
convictions.  On  the  one  hand,  they  are  reflected  in  the  tendencies  to- 
ward civic  cooperation  and  a  civic  conscience,  and  on  the  other  hand,  in 
the  demand  of  the  public  for  efficiency  in  governmental  services. 
Furthermore,  in  conformity  to  these  tendencies — ^measured  hy  the 
best  indications  at  hand — two  fundamental  assumptions  seem  justi- 
fied: 

1.  The  average  efficient  community  government  welcomes  citizen 
aid  and  cooperation  of  the  right  sort. 

2.  The  average  efficient  citizen  welcomes  the  opportunity  to  aid 
and  cooperate  with  his  official  government. 

This  two-fold  viewpoint  of  government  and  citizen  is  further  reflect- 
ed in  the  purpose  of  this  Bulletin.  One  object  of  civic  study  and 
civic  effort  is  found  in  the  educational  function  of  training  gooid  citi- 
zens and  developing  the  social  nature;  the  other  is  found  in  the  desire 
to  obtain  results  in  actual  work  done,  in  efficient  service  rendered, 
and  in  resulting  social  welfare. 

The  Bulletin  makes  further  assumptions.  It  is  understood  that 
knowledge  of  community  government  and  community  needs  is  a  pre- 
requisite to  community  service.  Knowledge  of  ways  and  means  of 
civic  cooperation  is  essential  to  successful  results.  The  citizen  takes 
up  the  work  where  his  official  representative  leaves  off;  and  the 
government  represents  the  citizen  stock-holder  in  those  functions  be- 
yonid  his  domain.  The  students  of  this  class,  therefore,  have  pre- 
sented, first,  a  statement  of  what  constitutes  legitim^ate  municipal 
services,  and,  subsequently,  some  of  the  many  aspects  of  civic  cooper- 
ation. It  should  be  understood  further,  that  efforts  of  citizens  are 
to  be  fair,  sincere,  and  honest;  well  balanced  and  intelligent;  and 
that  they  shall  not  include  primarily  elements  of  personal  notoriety, 
selfish  agrandisement,  muck  raking,  or  tendencies  to  interfere  with 
or  to  usurp  potwers  of  government.  A  wholesome  and  well  informed 
patriotism  is  essential. 


Two  other  considerations  are  of  special  importance;  the  one  relat- 
ing to  the  teaching  of  civics  in  the  schools,  and  the  other  to  the  mak- 
ing of  community  surveys.  Concerning  the  first,  emphasis  should  be 
placed  upon  the  nev/er  sort  of  civics  which  teaches  not  only  the  ele- 
ments of  civil  government  but  also  the  other  very  important  half 
relating  to  citizen  support  of  government.  Concerning  the  making 
of  community  surveys  emphasis  should  be  placed  upon  both  the  need 
and  value  of  such  surveys  and  also  upon  the  dangers  of  unwise  or  un- 
scientific surveys.  The  tendency  to  "survey"  has  become  almost  a 
fad  and  proper  judgment  and  training  should  be  prerequisites  of  the 
surveyors.  There  should  be,  furthermore,  efforts  toward  uniformity 
or  standardization  of  studies;  toward  scientific  methods  that  use  ob- 
jective uiijits  of  measurement  rather  than  mere  impressions  and  opin- 
ions; toward  comprehensiveness  and  true  perspective;  and  toward 
accuracy  and  precision. 

In  justice  to  the  students  presenting  the  Bulletin  it  should  be  ex- 
plained that  the  substance  of  the  paper  represents  the  composite 
work  of  the  class,  together  with  some  results  obtained  by  the  class  of 
previous  years.  Each  student  has  'done  his  pro-rata  work  and  the  to- 
tal report  has  been  accepted  by  the  class.  Letters  and  questionnaires 
were  sent  out  to  a  large  number  of  those  in  a  position  to  give  the  de- 
sired information;  the  literature  on  the  subject  was  examined  with 
some  care;  and  the  teachings  of  the  classes  in  educational  sociology 
have  been  embodied  to  some  extent.  Special  emphasis  is  placed  upon 
the  ideal  of  cooperation  and  the  thanks  of  the  class,  as  well  as  the 
public  and!  the  University  are  due  the  Athens  Woman's  Club  for  gen- 
erous cooperation  and  interest.  As  an  example  of  student  interest 
in  public  service  and  of  cooperative  efforts,  it  is  hoped  that  the  Bulle- 
tin will  be  of  practical  value  to  a  large  number  of  those  interested^  in 
community  building. 

HOWARD  W.  ODUM. 

Athens,  June  4,  1916. 


CHAPTER  I. 
The  Scope  of  Municipal  Services. 

THE  CITY-BUILDING— COUNTRY-SERVING  MUNICIPALTY. 

A  brief  survey  of  the  field  of  municipal  services  to  be  rendered  by 
the  city  to  its  citizen-stockholders,  to  its  supporting  rural  constituency, 
and  to  all  those  within  its  gates,  constitutes  the  first  task  of  the  stu- 
dent of  civic  cooperation. 

The  Scope  and  Purpose  of  This  Division. 

This  division  of  the  manual  is  presented  as  a  simple,  yet  compre- 
hensive, statement  of  the  scope  of  social  services  which  the  citizen  may 
expect  of  the  present-day  efficient  city  government  and  concerning 
which  it  is  the  privilege  and  duty  of  the  average  citizen  to  become 
informed.  The  plan  to  present  the  paper  in  this  form  grew  out  of  the 
experience  of  a  group  of  student-citizens  starting  with  little  knowl- 
edge of  municipal  services,  working  earnestly  for  several  weeks  upon 
varied  and  general  and  specific  problems,  and  finding  considerable 
satisfaction  in  the  resulting  knowledge  of  what  constitutes  the  social 
services  rendered  by  the  city  to  its  citizens.  From  observation  and 
study,  and  from  the  testimony  of  those  in  a  position  to  know,  it  seems 
fair  to  assume  that  the  average  citizen  belongs  to  the  same  class  as 
this  group  of  students,  namely  having  only  a  very  partial  knowledge 
of  the  home  city  and  its  functions  and  at  the  same  time  desirous  of 
acquiring  more  information  without  the  necessity  of  going  exhaust- 
ively into  a  study  of  city  government  and  social  conditions.  That  the 
citizens  should  keep  informed  upon  such  matters  is  clear  from  several 
self -evident  considerations:  in  order  to  appreciate  the  problems  and 
responsibilities  resting  upon  the  officials  chosen;  in  order  to  appre- 
ciate the  problems  and  responsibilities  resting  upon  the  private  indi- 
vidual; in  order  to  be  able  to  co-operate  intelligently  with  the  official 
government;  in  order  to  exercise  intelligently  the  rights  of  publicity 
toward  public  acts  and  officials;  and  in  order  to  guarantee  self,  or 
any  taxpayer  the  maximum  amount  of  taxes  with  the  maximum 
amount  of  economy  and  efficiency  in  the  expenditure  of  tjie  public 
funds.  No  matter  what  the  form  of  government,  this  is  the  first  es- 
sential of  progress  and  improvement  in  social  welfare  for  the  city. 
To  apply  this  information  to  a  specific  locality  is  to  make  its  value 
two-fold. 

Social  Service — Economy  and  Efficiency — The  City. 

Perhaps  there  is  no  tendency  in  modern  times  so  clearly  defined  and 
so  steadily  progressing  as  the  tendency  toward  social  service.  This 
means  simply  that  in  the  fields  of  Education,  Science,  Politics,  Reli- 
gion and  in  fact,  in  the  major  portion  of  social  life,  the  fact  has  been 
recognized  that  the  highest  efficiency  and  the  greatest  servicfe 
achieved  by  the  individual  will  be  found  in  service  to  society  and  fel- 
lowman,  in  terms  of  moral  sanction  it  means  that  they  who  live  unto 
themselves  live  in  vain;  in  terms  of  social  efficiency  it  means  that  the 
individual  who  neglects  the  development  of  his  social  nature,  or  who 


grows  rich  upon  his  fellows  to  their  hurt,  or  who  uses  the  public 
moneys  for  his  own  gain,  is  the  greatest  of  social  offenders.  This 
state  of  social  consciousness  has  been  brought  about  by  progress  in 
society  through  the  increasing  importance  and  interdependence  of 
social  relationship  together  with  the  higher  development  of  social 
personality. 

Social  relationships  and  the  obligations  of  social  service  are  most 
clearly  defined  in  the  modern  city  which  represents  at  once  the  most 
advanced  and  most  complex  form  of  civilization  the  world  over.  Be- 
cause of  the  concentration  of  population;  of  the  predominance  of  sec- 
ondary occupations  and  the  massing  of  industry;  of  the  interdepend- 
ence of  the  population  (with  its  ever  increasing  relationships;  and  of 
the  other  various  outgrowths  of  city  life,  the  social  :fesponsibility 
has  increased  a  hundred  fold.  From  these  conditions  have  arisen  new 
and  larger  problems  of  administration;  of  health,  safety,  convenience 
and  education;  together  with  the  manifold  problems  of  general  social 
welfare.  From  these,  again  have  arisen  increased  opportunities  for 
expert  service  and  increased  demands  for  (business  government  and  or- 
ganization. In  the  city  responsibility  for  the  public  welfare  has  taken 
the  form  of  accountability  of  government  and  government  officials 
for  economy  and  efficiency  in  the  expenditure  of  public  funds,  and  of 
accountability  of  private  citizens  for  support  in  this  undertaking.  By 
economy  we  may  mean  simply  the  careful,  scientific  and  iwell-planned 
expenditure  of  money  for  the  definite  purposes  and  services  for  which 
funds  are  provided;  by  efficiency  we  mean  primarily  the  adequate 
meeting  of  social  needs  within  the  prescribed  limits  of  city  govern- 
ment is  co-operation  with  private  support.  How  true  this  is  and  how 
important  to  the  welfare  of  all  the  people  will  appear  from  an  exam- 
ination of  the  scope  of  municial  social  service. 

The  Scope  of  Municipal  Services. 

The  forms  of  organization  differ  (widely  in  different  cities;  the 
service  departments  artd  divisions  are  almost  as  numerous  as  the  cities 
themselves.  But  the  fundamental  services  of  the  city  to  its  constit- 
uency are  the  same  in  general  for  all  cities,  means  for  meeting  these 
needs  varying  often  according  to  local  conditions.  The  principal  mu- 
nicipal services  may  be  classified  in  the  following  divisions:  General 
administration;  city  planning;  public  works;  public  health;  sanitation 
and  housing  inspection;  charities;  corrections;  public  safety;  public 
education;  financial  organization;  civic  uplift  and  general  social  serv- 
ices; private  services  in  the  municipality;  and  services  to  the  rural 
communities  adjacent.  The  story  of  what  is  included  in  each  of  these 
will  be  told  in  a  brief  outline  of  principal  topics  under  each  division 
the  summary  of  which  will  give  the  complete  story  of  the  city's  serv- 
ices. 

General  Administration. 

That  the  general  administration  and  government  of  a  corporation 
spending  thousands,  hundreds  of  thousands  and  millions  of  dollars  is 
a  most  important  service,  requiring  great  responsibility  and  efficiency, 
is  not  infrequently  overlooked  when  this  corporation  happens  to  be 
the  city  government  of  all  the  people.  And  yet  this  is  precisely  the 
most  particular  of  all  chartered  corporations  for  the  people.  The 
general  administration  not  only  means  supervising  the  enactment  of 
all  services  but  includes  many  important  special  branches.     There  is 

6 


the  legislative  branch  with  its  council,  board  of  aldermen,  or  com- 
missioners, together  with  clerks  therefor;  there  is  the  executive 
branch  with  the  mayor,  manager,  superintendent  or  other  head  of  the 
government  with  his  executive  boards  and  commissions,  with  the 
treasurer  or  chamberlains,  and  with  the  solicitors  or  other  legal  ad- 
visors; there  is  the  judicial  branch  with  such  municipal  courts,  justice 
courts  or  other  courts  and  coroners,  together  with  sheriffs  and  mar- 
shals, as  do  not  belong  to  special  departments;  and  finally  the  election 
of  officers  and  the  upkeep  and  management  of  government  buildings 
and  properties  belonging  to  the  people.  It  is  worth  something  to  the 
administration  officials  to  know  that  the  people  whom  they  serve 
are  acquainted  with  the  duties  being  performed. 

City  Planning. 

The  scientific  planning  for  the  present  and  future  of  the  city  con- 
stitutes as  much  a  part  of  its  services  as  do  carefully  made  plans  for 
the  success  of  any  business  organization;  and  more  because  it  involves 
the  welfare  in  life,  health  and  comfort  of  many  more  people  than  any 
private  organization.  Therefore  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  plan 
for  recreational  facilities  in  parks  arid  playgrounds;  for  transportation 
facilities  in  the  location  and  construction  of  lines  and  terminals;  in 
the  direction  and  expansion  of  streets;  in  factory  facilities  with  ref- 
erence to  segregation  and  enlargement;  for  workmen's  homes  with 
reference  to  the  welfare  of  the  city  and  the  workmen;  and  for  both 
civic  and  industrial  centers  with  reference  to  general  civic  and  indus- 
trial efficiency.  It  is  not  enough  to  allow  the  city  to  grow  up  without 
recreation;  to  allow  the  street  car  companies  to  select  routes  and  the 
railroad  terminals;  to  allow  the  proprietors  of  factories  to  plan  only 
for  their  own  gain;  or  even  for  the  landlord  to  ignore  the  rights  and 
wishes  of  the  laboring  classes  within  the  city.  Planning  ahead  not 
only  brings  future  efficiency  and  welfare  but  prevents  untold  waste 
of  time,  energy  arid  money  with  the  consequent  ills  of  maladjustment. 
It  is  therefore  good  business. 

Public  Works. 

Under  the  division  of  public  'works  are  the  highways  with  their 
construction,  inspection  and  maintenance;  with  the  cleaning  and 
sweeping  of  streets  and  the  accompanying  organization  and  manage- 
ment of  labor;  and  finally  with  the  disposition  of  sweepings  and  street 
garbage  and  other  waste.  Next  are  the  sewers,  with  the  construction 
and  maintenance  and  the  disposal  of  sewage,  and  of  course  the  or- 
ganization and  mangement  of  labor.  Next  are  the  public  utilities, 
such  as  the  publicly  owned  (water  and  light  plants,  with  their  con- 
struction and  maintenance  arid  all  public  buildings  or  other  property. 
Within  the  field  of  public  works  the  American  city  in  the  past  has 
been  in  many  cases  noted  for  its  inefficiency  and  waste;  and  no  field 
perhaps  would  repay  a  careful  study  more  than  this. 

Public  Health. 

The  public  health  department  should  begin  with  a  public  health  pro- 
gram. The  list  of  public  health  services  comprises  medical  inspection 
service,  to  control  contagious  diseases;  hospital  services;  food  inspec- 
tion service;  meat  inspection  service;  milk  inspection  services;  infant 
welfare  services;  laboratory  services;  and  finally  statistical  services. 


Failure  to  control  contagious  diseases  is  responsible  for  a  large  part 
of  health  inefficiencies;  failure  to  provide  inspection  of  foods  is  a 
most  common  neglect;  failure  to  provide  specially  for  infant  (welfare 
work  in  the  summer  results  in  the  death  from  preventable  causes  of 
hundreds  of  little  children;  failure  to  provide  adequate  laboratory 
services  cripples  service  in  most  of  the  divisions  of  health  work;  and 
a  failure  to  provide  statistical  services  results  in  the  city  having  no 
standard  or  record  by  which  to  measure  its  work  or  progress. 

Sanitation  and  Housing  Inspection. 

Sanitation  is  the  prevention  work  looking  toward  health  efficiency 
and  includes  inspection  of  congested  areas,  disposal  of  garbage  and 
sewage,  and  the  general  cleanliness  of  the  city  and  includes  the  san- 
itary inspection  of  houses  and  premises  and  plumbing.  The  supervis- 
ion of  buildings  includes  the  plans  of  construction  and  plumbing  for 
both  sanitation  and  safety,  and  construction  and  inspection  of  build- 
ings with  reference  to  fire  prevention.  Such  supervision  may  also  in- 
clude provisions  in  accord  with  model  building  plans  and  regulation 
in  accordance  (with  city  planning  as  already  outlined. 

Public  Charities  and  Corrections. 

The  demands  upon  the  city  for  charity  services  fall  into  two  general 
divisions;  those  having  to  do  with  charities  within  institutions  support- 
ed by  the  city,  that,  is,  indoor  relief;  and  those  having  to  do  with 
charities  administered  in  the  home  of  the  needy,  that  is  our-door  relief. 
In  the  smaller  cities  charities  are  almost  entirely  outdoor,  local  or 
county  almshouses  taking  care  of  the  other  needs.  In  connection  with 
the  charity  services  which  the  city  may  render  two  other  aspects  are 
important:  the  first  has  to  do  -with  relief  by  prevention,  through  city 
planning,  employment  bureaus,  insurance  and  savings  system,  juve- 
nile agencies  and  others;  and  the  second  has  to  do  with  the  efficient 
co-operation  'with  private  charities  and  philanthropy,  this  itself  con- 
stituting an  important,  and  in  many  cases,  the  principal  means  of 
charity  work  by  the  city.  Services  relating  to  corrections  are  those 
having  to  do  with  prisons,  penitentiaries  and  reformatories,  together 
with  the  criminal  courts,  juvenile  courts  and  other  modes  of  dealing 
with  offenders,  especially  youthful  offenders.  Than  the  problem  of 
corrections  there  is  perhaps  no  single  service  to  be  rendered  of  more 
far-reaching  significance. 

Public  Safety. 

The  public  safety  of  the  city  is  commonly  considered  under  the  two 
heads,  the  services  being  classified  into  police  protection  and  fire  pro- 
tection. The  police  department  has  varied  obligations  to  perform,  in- 
cluding its  own  efficient  organization  and  control,  the  training  and 
equipment  of  officers  and  recruits  and  effective  rules  and  regula- 
tions governing  safety  service.  It  has  in  addition  to  the  vigilance 
for  criminal  offenders  the  regulation  and  control  of  street  traffic, 
transportation  and  the  use  of  streets;  the  special  assignment  of  the 
control  of  vice,  and  efficient  methods  for  the  detection  of  harmful 
forces  through  secret  and  other  investigations.  The  police  depart- 
ments in  American  cities  have  been  specially  subservient  to  politics 
and  graft,  in  which  they  have  retarded  the  progress  of  cities.  The 
fire  department  has  not  only  to  perform  its  duty  of  fire  fighting, 

8 


through  which  it  must  have  an  efficient  organization  and  administra- 
tion, but  it  must  also  take  special  steps  toward  fire  prevention. 
Through  this  latter  service  a  new  efficiency  awaits  the  redirected  fire 
forces. 

Public  Education. 

Public  education  in  this  classification  is  largely  the  public  schools 
and  would  seem  to  be  self-explanatory.  And  yet  the  services  to  be 
rendered  by  the  public  schools,  with  the  accompanying  complex  prob- 
lems of  administration,  are  far  greater  than  any  practical  conception 
ordinarily  held  by  the  citizen.  These  services  include  the  efficient 
organization  and  administration  of  the  school  system  both  from 
without  and  within;  the  problem  of  selecting  efficient  teachers  with- 
out the  rule  of  politics;  the  problem  of  equipment  of  teachers;  the 
problem  of  selecting  a  practical  curriculum  with  varied 
courses  of  study;  the  problem  of  grading  and  classification 
of  school  children;  the  problems  of  retardation  and 
the  problem  of  special  schools,  night  schools,  vocational  schools,  co- 
operative schools,  schools  for  defective  and  all  others;  the  problem  of 
the  health  of  the  child  with  adequate  medical  inspection;  the  problem 
of  the  general  school  hygiene,  including  the  buildings  and  grounds, 
the  heating  and  lighting,  ventilating  and  seating,  sanitation  and  com- 
fort; the  large  problem  of  recreation  and  playgrounds;  the  problem 
of  the  wider  use  of  the  school  house  for  social  services  to  the  com- 
munity; the  problem  of  citizen  and  patron  co-operation;  and  with  all 
these  and  many  others,  comes  the  specific  problems  of  utilizing  mon- 
eys, the  supply  department  itself  constituting  a  considerable  business; 
and  the  efficiency  of  all  these  services  will  depend  largely  upon  the 
great  problem  of  selecting  and  organizing  the  board  of  education,  this 
having  constituted  for  many  years  the  greatest  of  administration 
problems.  What  a  tremendous  field  for  citizen  co-operation  and 
civic  service! 

Public  Recreation. 

Recreation  has  well  been  calleid  the  physical  basis  of  social  organi- 
zation, and  yet  most  communities  pay  little  special  attention  to  or- 
ganized recreation.  The  large  cities  are  notable  exceptions,  recog- 
nizing public  recreation  as  a  fundamental  aspect  of  city  government. 
A  proper  recreational  system  will  provide  for  parks,  large  and  small; 
for  playgrounds  and  organized  play;  for  the  perfection  of  the  school 
play  system;  for  social  centers;  and  for  the  supervision  of  all  public 
recreational  places. 

Financial  Organization. 

The  financial  methods  obtaining  in  the  city  administration  may  con- 
tribute much  to  the  efficiency  or  inefficiency  of  municipal  services. 
Among  the  most  important  of  these  services  is  that  of  budget  making, 
in  which  the  program  of  the  year  is  too  often  marred  instead  of  made. 
Important  alongside  the  budget  making  is  the  system  of  accounting 
including  office  accounts,  cost  accounts,  operative  records,  forms  of 
reporting,  filing  systems,  mechanical  aid  and  general  facility  in  keep- 
ing books  for  the  public.  Poor  bookkeeping  is  no  more  justified  in  the 
public's  business  than  elsewhere,  but  rather  less  justified.  Important 
also  is  the  method  of  financing  public  improvements;  while  the  meth- 


ods  of  assessing  and  collecting  revenue  constitute  a  tremendous  task 
for  public  services.  Nowhere  more  than  here  is  the  demand  for  effi- 
ciency and  business  government  more  apparent  and  urgent. 

Constructive  Civic  Uplift. 

More  and  more  the  modern  city  is  recognizing  its  general  obligation 
to  perform  as  many  social  services,  other  than  the  technical  and  me- 
chanical duties  of  city  government,  as  possible  consistent  with  cir- 
cumstances. Among  these  services  are  the  public  libraries  and  read- 
ing rooms;  the  civic  centers;  the  supervision  of  weights  and  meas- 
ures; the  organization  and  administration  of  the  city  markets;  the  in- 
spection of  food  supplies;  civil  service  and  pension  services  to  em- 
ployees; and  many  other  similar  efforts.  That  there  will  be  found  a 
means  and  an  avenue  for  increased  efficiency  and  social  service  in 
these  civic  efforts  cannot  be  doubted. 

Private  Services. 

And  yet  with  all  the  formal  and  organized  services  of  the  city,  com- 
plete efficiency  is  not  possible  without  the  thorough  co-ordination  of 
official  with  private  services.  Co-operation  with  the  churches;  with 
the  hospitals;  with  the  charities;  with  the  women's  clubs;  with  all 
civic  clubs;  with  private  educational  institutions  or  public  institutions 
other  than  city;  with  chambers  of  commerce  or  other  booster  organi- 
zations; and  with  all  other  private  resources.  Civic  education  and  civic 
consciousness  are  synonymous  with  these  efforts  which  are  in  turn 
co-ordinate  with  formal  municipal  services. 

Services  to  the  Rural  Community. 

But  the  city  must  not  only  be  city-building  within  its  own  domain, 
but  country-serving  in  its  services  toward  the  surrounding  communi- 
ties upon  whom  it  depends  for  support  and  expansion.  This  is  true 
both  for  its  own  perpetuity  and  welfare  and  it  is  also  true  from  the 
higher  obligations  of  social  service  to  society.  In  this  capacity  the 
city  can  aid,  in  more  or  less  degree  and  in  varying  ways,  the  rural 
districts  by  increasing  efficiency  in  farming;  in  merchandise  and  ex- 
change; in  transportation;  in  communication;  in  rural  finance;  in  bet- 
ter co-operation  and  organization;  in  health  and  sanitation;  in  a'dding 
to  the  sQcial  satisfactions  of  country  life;  in  aiding  the  rural  church; 
the  rural  school;  in  general  civic  education  and  publicity;  in  promot- 
ing the  welfare  of  country  womanhood;  the  country  home  and  family; 
the  beautification  of  the  country;  in  the  recognition  of  rural  leader- 
ship and  rural  values;  in  building  up  communities  and  in  promoting 
co-operation  with  governmental  functions.  How  the  farm  demonstra- 
tor, the  educational  leaid'er,  the  road  expert  and  many  others  sent  by 
the  city  have  made  over  the  rural  districts  is  now  matter  for  record. 
That  every  city  must  consider  this  aspect  of  its  services  is  synonymous 
with  the  assertion  that  every  city  wishes  to  grow  and  to  provide  ef- 
ficient services  for  its  people.  No  greater  opportunity  has  been  over- 
looked than  this. 

An  Efficiency  Score  Card. 

To  what  extent  our  cities  are  measuring  up  to  the  standards  out- 
lined, constitutes  our  problem,  both  of  study  and  of  constructive  plan- 
ning.   An  attempt  is  being  made  to  formulate  an  efficiency  score  card 

10 


for  the  ideal  American  city,  so  that  cities  in  their  present  stage  of 
efficiency  and  in  their  planning  for  future  social  service  may  have  a 
uniform  basis  upon  which  to  work.  It  is  necessary  that  this  uniform 
standard  conform  to  the  latest  word  upon  the  subject.  Such  a  score 
card  has  not  yet  been  satisfactorily  formulated,  but  the  hope  is  ex- 
pressed that  in  a  short  time  it  may  ibe  approximateid'. 

For  the  present  the  efforts  to  measure  social  Mficieney  will  have  to 
be  limited  to  three  or  four  means.  First,  statistics  gathered  by  the 
United  States  census  in  financial  statistics  of  cities  give  us  a  com- 
parative basis  as  measured  by  expenditure  for  governmental  services. 
Under  this  division  two  averages  are  taken,  the  first  for  cities  having 
from  30,000  to  50,000  people,  the  goal  set  for  Athens  within  the  next 
two  decades,  and  second,  the  average  for  all  cities  in  the  country.  A 
second  method  of  attempting  a  standard  measuring  scale  will  be  found 
in  summarizing  the  best  of  the  research,  study  and  practices  in  this 
country  and  abroad,  and  selecting  therefrom  the  standard  of  excel- 
lence in  each  of  the  several  service  divisions.  A  third  method  will  be 
found  in  the  expert  testimony  of  city  planning  experts,  business  man 
and  organizations,  students  of  government  and  social  science  and 
other  specialists,  the  method  to  provide  a  census  of  relative  gradings 
in  the  total  scheme  of  100  per  cent  to  be  given  to  each  of  the  impor- 
tant divisions  already  outlined.  The  composite  or  average  from  all 
these  ratings  would  constitute  a  progressive  program  of  work. 


11 


CHAPTER  11. 
Aspects  of  Civic  Co-operation. 

Brief  Suggestions  as  to  the  Scope  of  Voluntary  Civic  Efforts. 

The  twentieth  century  m'arks  a  new  achievement  in  democracy  and 
government.  This  achievement  consists  not  only,  as  may  be  under- 
stood ordinarily,  in  the  improved  organization  and  structure  of  demo- 
cratic government,  but  also  essentially  in  the  growth  of  community 
building  through  citizen  interest,  cooperation,  and  representation  in 
community  government.  A  new  field,  a  new  opportunity,  and  a  new 
vision,  with  pr'actical  difficulties  and  practical  achievements,  await 
the  citizen  of  today  and  tomorrow.  In  the  task  of  community  build- 
ing and  community  patriotism,  the  citizen  of  today  may  realize  goals 
unknown  to  the  citizen  of  yesterday.  And  in  the  consideration  of  this 
task,  there  are  many  viewpoints  from  which  the  citizen  may  work, 
the  majority  of  them  onstituting  (ample  evidence  of  the  status  and 
needs  of  civic  co-operation  in  commonity  government.  It  may  be  that 
the  viewpoint  is  that  of: 

1.  Patriotism,  or  love  of  community,  with  its  elements  of  pride 
and  loyalty;  the  desire  to  build  a  more  prosperous  community;  the 
desire  to  make  a  better  place  in  which  to  live;  the  desire  to  make  a 
stronger  unit  in  the  total  fabric  of  state  and  government. 

2.  The  citizen-stockholder,  realizing  the  responsibility  and  rights 
involved  in  the  successful  management  of  the  greatest  and  most  im- 
portant of  all  corporations,  through  business  methods  in  government; 
economy  and  efficiency  in  the  expenditure  of  the  public  funds  and 
in  the  maintenance  and  promotion  of  the  public  welfare. 

3.  The  social  nature,  with  enthusiasm,  vigor  and  qualities  capable 
of  serving  one's  fellow  man  through  the  principles  and  practice  of 
vitalized  Christianity. 

4.  The  professional  social  worker,  believing  that  philanthropy  and 
voluntary  efforts  of  citizens  ought  to  be  scientifically  studied  and  ad- 
ministered. 

5.  The  leisure-class  citizen,  desiring  to  expend  profitably  for  self 
and  community  surplus  time  and  money  in  the  promotion  of  the  public 
weal. 

6.  Respect  for  government  and  organized  efforts;  respect  for  lavi? 
and  order  and  for  the  personality  and  rights  of  others. 

7.  The  scientific  study  and  surveying  of  the  community  and  human 
interests,  insuring  adequate  knowledge  for  right  action. 

8.  The  correlation  and  utilization  of  all  institutions,  organizations 
and  forces  in  the  community,  through  intelligent  co-operation. 

9.  Better  town — and  city — ^building  for  the  sake  of  commercial 
growth  and  expansion  and  general  economic  welfare. 

10.  The  new  education  for  social  efficiency;  for  the  teaching  of 
more  civics  in  the  schools;  of  developing  a  better  citizenship  adapted; 
for  giving  to  the  public  a  comprehensive  information. 

11.  The  larger  social  ideal,  or  sociological  aim,  of  developing  a 
better  social  personality;  a  better  social  organization;  a  more  vital- 
ized democracy;  in  fine  one  step  toward  the  maximum  social  progress 
and  human  welfare. 

But  whatever  the  viewpoint  may  be,  there  are  adequate  means  and 

12 


avenues  for  the  expression  of  normal  civic  co-operation.  The  simple 
enumeration  of  the  majority  of  specific  ways  and  means  of 
voluntary  citizen  efforts  would  constitute  an  object  lesson  and,  in  it- 
self a  good  sized  volume*  The  object  of  this  second  chapter  is,  there- 
fore, simply  to  suggest,  rather  than  to  present  in  any  sense  an  ex- 
haustive outline,  a  few  of  the  practical  aspects  of  voluntary  co-opera- 
tion in  community  building  that  now  constitute  the  story  of  civic  co- 
operation in  American  communities.  The  chapter  is  partly  repetition 
and  overlapping,  as  related  to  Chapters  I  and  III,  but  the  repetition 
is  consistent  with  the  plan  of  presentation.  Each  chapter  seems  es- 
sentiol  to  the  grasp  of  the  entire  subject,  and  all  taken  together  indi- 
cate a  classification  of  the  larger  field  of  social  research  and  study. 
For  those  who  are  in  search  of  something  to  do,  an  examintation  of 
the  following  topics  and  of  the  subsequent  questions  and  suggestions 
will  prove  fruitful;  further  search  into  the  books  listed  will  give  dtill 
more  suggestions;  and  for  the  most  part,  if  undertaken  in  the  rip^ht 
spirit  and  with  the  right  knowledge,  all  efforts  will  be  welcomed  by 
the  government  officials  in  charge,  and  by  public  opinion  at  large. 

General  Administration  and  Finance. 

Citizen  inquiry  into  facts  and  procedure;  citizen  expert  aid  to  offi- 
cials; vigilance  as  to  election  and  nomination  of  officers;  citzen  ad- 
visory service;  citizen  research  and  publicity;  through  bureaus  of  mu- 
nicipal research;  economy  and  efficiency  commissions;  national  and 
local  municipal  leagues;  voters  leagues;  political  clubs;  societies  for 
the  study  and  promotion  of  good  government;  committees  of  one  hun- 
dred; of  fifteen;  of  seventy,  etc.;  academic  or  scientific  societies;  civil 
service  committees  or  commissions;  taxation  committees;  and  gen- 
eral accounting  or  business  organizations  of  whatever  sort.  Exhibits, 
surveys,  publicity,  campaigns,,  budget  making,  co-operiation. 

City  Planning. 

'Citizen  interest  and  inquiry  into  future  needs  of  the  community; 
preservation  of  grounds,  trees  and  other  natural  resources;  preserva- 
tion of  spaces  and  avenues  for  expansion;  obtaining  properties  for 
reiasonable  expenditures;  prevention  of  congestion;  extension  of  roads 
and  streets;  promotion  of  the  beautiful;  planning  of  housing  commu- 
nities; planning  for  factory  districts;  planning  for  wholesale  trades; 
perfection  of  workingmen's  homes.  Through  municipal  improvement 
associations;  city  planning  committees;  city-beautiful  leagues;  play- 
ground associations;  garden  associations;  workingmen's  clubs;  wo- 
men's municipal  leagues;  local  organizations  of  whatever  sort.  Sur- 
veys, exhibits,  conferences,  publicity,  co-operation. 

Public  Works. 

Citizen  interest  and  aid  in  establishing  adequate  and  satisfactory 
communication;  transportation;  public  utilities;  elimination  of  waste 
and'  graft;  economy  for  the  public  satisfactions  and  comforts;  effi- 
ciency in  public  service.  Through  good  roads  committees;  good  roads 
days;  street  improvement  associations;  national  highway  commissions; 
engineering  societies;  building  associations;  citizens  inquiry  com- 
mittees; co-operative  woi'k-together  societies;  other  organizations 
of  whatever  sort.  Surveys,  exhibits,  demonstrations,  publicity,  con- 
ferences, special  days,  co-operation. 

13 


Public  Health. 

Citizen  interest  in  a  community  program  to  banish  disease  and 
build  up  an  enviable  health  record;  better  hospital  facilities;  fewer 
contagious  diseases;  fewer  infant  deaths;  better  vital  statistics. 
Through  visiting  nurse  associations;  physicians'  clubs;  baby  saving 
campaigns;  societies  for  the  prevention  of  disease;  milk  and  ice 
funds;  dispensary  and  medical  distribution.  Campaigns,  exhibits, 
clinics,  instruction,  special  days,  propaganda,  publicity,  co-operation. 

Sanitation  and  Housing. 

Citizen  interest  in  a  clean  city;  in  the  elimination  of  dirt  and  filth 
and  ugliness;  the  prevention  of  disease;  clean  streets;  clean  back 
yards;  clean  vacant  lots;  elimination  of  the  fly  and  mosquito;  better 
housing  conditions;  better  water  supply;  better  drainage.  Through 
housing  associations;  visiting  associations;  relief  associations;  civic 
clubs;  city  improvement  associatons.  Special  days;  clean  up  days; 
exhiWts;  propoganda;  instruction;  co-operation  with  school;  study 
and  surveys,  publicity. 

Charities  and!  Corrections. 

Citizen  interest  in  a  normal  population;  the  eliminiation  and  helping 
of  defectives,  dependents  and  delinquents;  relief  for  the  needy;  pre- 
vention of  vice  and  crime;  correction  for  the  curable;  welfare  for  the 
people.  Through  associated  charities;  homes  and  hospitals;  juvenile 
corrective  and  protective  associations;  big  brother  movements;  clubs 
for  boys  and  girls;  work  and  help  for  the  aged;  visiting  associations; 
juvenile  courts;  and  literally  hundreds  of  methods  of  charity.  Con- 
tributions; supervision;  visiting;  following  up  work;  study;  earnest- 
ness; direction. 

Public  Safety. 

Citizen  interest  in  making  the  community  a  good  place  in  whcih  to 
live;  elimination  of  crime  and  vice;  elimination  of  bad  influences; 
elimination  of  unnecessary  loss  by  fire;  safety  first  and  always. 
Through  police  commissions;  societies  for  the  prevention  of  vice; 
societies  for  protection  of  family;  prison  commissions;  societies  for 
protection  of  children;  safety-first  societies;  fire  prevention  societies. 
Study;  propaganda;  publicity;  punishment;  cooperation. 

Public  Recreation. 

Citizen  interest  and  help  in  making  a  wholesome  and  joyous  com- 
munity; utilization  of  leisure  time;  directed  play;  helpful  amuse- 
ments; physical  and  mental  welfare;  a  better  race  of  citizens. 
Through  recreation  committees;  playground  associations;  Story  tell- 
ers' league;  dramatic  associations;  social  center  committees;  music 
and  festival  associations;  park  commissions.  Through  play;  drama; 
pageantry;  garden  and  playground  exhibits;  social  centers;  festivals; 
lecture-centers;  organized  recreation. 

Public  Education. 

Citizen  interest  in  the  schools;  cooperation  with  teachers  and 
boards;  improvement  of  the  school  plant;  efifciency  in  correlating 
school  and  homej  improvement  of  school  sentiment;  larger  opportuni- 

14 


ties  for  school  work;  better  attendance.  Through  home  and  school 
leagues;  public  education  associations;  parent-teacher  associations; 
school  visitors;  kindergartens;  medical  inspection  visitors;  school 
garden  associiations;  pedagogical  associations.  Visiting;  study;  con- 
tributions; school  lunches;  exhibits;  cooperation. 

Miscellaneous. 

Child  welfare  in  particular;  more  than  three  hundred  organizations 
for  better  children;  for  defectives;  delinquents;  dependents;  moral 
and  religious,  recreative;  protective.  Conferences;  exhibits;  clubs; 
camps;  clinics;  fresh  air  homes;  nurseries;  schools.  Other  general 
opportunities;  housewives'  leagues;  consumers*  leagues;  societies 
for  the  prevention  of  cruelty;  library  associations;  labor  associations; 
historical  societies;  child  labor  committees;  church  societies;  Y.  M. 
C.  A.;  Y.  W.  C.  A.;  special  homes  .  .  .  Civic  leagues;  booster's  clubs; 
commercial  clubs;  manufacturers'  associations  boards  of  trade;  ro- 
tary clubs.     Other  suggestions  will  be  found  in  the  following  pages. 

In  the  study  of  the  opportunities  offered;  in  the  giving  of  time  to 
education  and  civic  uplift;  in  the  endowment  of  institutions;  and  in 
the  allegiance  to  Church  and  other  institutions,  the  public  spirited 
citizen  may  find  all  that  his  or  her  hands  can  do.  Whether  rural  or 
urban,  the  need  is  apparent  and  the  outlook  and  will  were  never  so 
encouraging  as  at  the  present  time. 


15 


CHAPTER  III. 

Toiiics  and  Questions  For  Practical  Community  Studies. 

SUBJECTS  PRIMARILY  URBAN. 
City  or  Town  Planning. 

Make  a  brief  report  on  the  history  of  the  growth  of  your  town. 

Outline  a  plan  for  the  next  ten  years'  growth,  keeping  in  mind 
parks,  playgrounds,  streets,  and'  other  essentials  as  outlined  below. 

'Make  a  study  of  the  homes  of  workingmen  in  the  town,  with  refer- 
ence to  location,  conveniences,  and  service  rendered. 

Outline  a  plan  for  a  civic  center  in  the  town. 

Write  the  story  of  a  year's  recreational  activities. 

Describe  the  factory  locations  and  draw  up  plans  for  the  location 
of  future  factories. 

Public  Works  and  Utilities. 

Draw  a  map  showing  the  principal  streets  of  the  town. 

Make  a  study  of  the  condition  of  all,  or  parts  of  city  highways. 

Describe  the  organization  and  procedure  of  the  street  cleaning  force 
in  the  town. 

Make  a  study  of  the  sanitation  of  the  city  as  found  in  the  mainte- 
nance and  construction  of  sewers. 

Outline  the  most  sanitary  and  economical  methods  for  the  disposal 
of  sewage. 

Outline  a  plan  for  the  public  ownership  of  light,  water  and  gas 
plants. 

Public  Health  and  Sanitation. 

Make  a  study  of  the  record  of  contagious  diseases  for  the  last  two 
years,  together  with  the  methods  of  medical  inspection. 

Describe  the  activities  on  behalf  of  infant  welfare. 

Make  a  special  study  of  the  birth  and  death  rates  of  the  town. 

Outline  a  plan  for  complete  food  inspection  services. 

Make  a  study  of  the  sanitary  inspection  of  houses  and  premises, 
with  recommendations. 

Make  a  study  of  the  sanitation  of  congested  parts  of  town. 

Public  Charities  and  Corrections. 

Make  a  statistical  study  of  the  number  of  cases  assisted  by  the 
city  through  indoor  or  institutional  relief. 

Describe  the  system  of  giving  outdoor  relief  and  the  co-operation 
of  city  with  private  charity. 

Outline  a  practical  plan  for  an  employment  bureau  operated  by 
town  or  city. 

Make  a  careful  study  of  one  or  more  prisons,  reformatories,  or  pen- 
itentiaries in  the  community. 

Write  the  story  of  a  year's  juvenile  delinquency. 

For  other  topics  see  Poverty,  and  Crime,  under  the  heading  General 
Social  Problems. 

16 


Public  Safety. 

I>escribe  the  system  of  police  protection  in  your  town. 

Make  a  statistical  study  of  the  number  and  causes  of  arrests  for 
one  year. 

Describe  the  methods  employed  in  dealing  with  vice,  with  a  view 
to  making  criticisms. 

Make  a  special  study  of  all  cases  of  unwarranted  arrests  or  of 
unnecessary  fines  an'd'  imprisonment. 

Make  a  study  of  the  loss  by  fire  for  the  last  year  and  the  methods 
of  fire-fighting. 

Outline  a  pian  or  propaganda  for  fire  prevention  in  the  city. 

Public  Schools. 

Describe  the  organization  of  the  school  system,  including  courses 
of  study  and  methods  of  teaching;  or  select  a  single  school  for  study. 

Make  a  study  of  the  heating,  lighting  and  ventilating  of  school 
buildings. 

Outline  a  practical  plan  for  better  vocational  education  in  the 
puublic  schools. 

Make  a  statistical  study  of  age  and  grade  distribution  of  all  chil- 
dren in  the  schools  and  show  amount  of  retardation. 

Make  a  study  of  the  need  of  medical  inspection  of  school  children. 

Describe  the  uses  of  the  school  building  during  the  year  for  other 
purposes  than  teaching;  or  outline  a  plan  for  the  "wider  use  of  the 
school  plant." 

Public  Recreation. 

Make  a  study  of  forms  of  recreation  in  the  community. 

Draw  a  city  plan  for  small  parks  and  play  spaces. 

Make  a  survey  of  the  community  with  reference  to  vacant  lots  and 
their  use  for  gardens  and  playgrounds. 

Outline  a  practical  play  for  the  improvement  of  the  school  play- 
grounds. 

Make  a  study  of  the  theaters  and  other  amusement  places. 

Show  the  evils  of  inadequate  or  improper  recreation. 

Financial  Methods. 

What  percentage  of  the  total  expenditure  of  the  city  is  devoted  to 
each  of  the  above  items  of  municipal  service? 

Describe  the  methods  of  financing  public  improvements. 

Describe  the  methods  of  budget  making  and  classification  of  ex- 
penditures. 

Describe  general  procedure  in  office  administration  of  at  least  one 
department  of  the  city  government. 

Make  a  study  of  the  system  of  collecting  revenue. 

Outline  a  plan  whereby  the  city  may  obtain  more  funds  with  justice 
to  all. 

General  Social  Service  and  Civic  Uplift. 

Describe  the  public  libraries  of  the  city,  and  make  a  study  of  its 
services  to  the  people. 

Outline  a  plan  whereby  the  town  may  have  a  public  library. 

17 


Show  by  a  detailed  study  the  need  for  weights  and  measures  super- 
vision. 

Make  a  study  of  the  possibilities  for  a  municipal  market. 

Outline  a  plan  for  civil  service  and  pension  provisions  for  city 
employees. 

Enumerate,  with  details  of  plans,  other  methods  whereby  the  city 
oficially  may  serve  the  mass  of  its  people. 

Private  Service  in  the  Municipality. 

Describe  the  services  of  one  or  more  Churches  to  the  welfare  of  the 

city.  .  ,        .       , 

Make  a  study  of  the  influences  of  one  or  more  private  educational 

institutions. 

Describe  the  work  of  the  Women's  Clubs  of  the  town. 

Make  a  study  of  the  work  of  the  local  Chamber  of  Commerce  or 
other  such  organization  over  a  period  of  two  or  three  years. 

Outline  a  plan  for  a  citizen's  organization  for  effecting  municipal 
efficiency. 

For  other  private  agencies,  see  Poverty  and  Relief,  under  the 
head,  General  Social  Problems. 

The  City  Serving  the  Rural  Community. 

Estimate  the  number  of  farmers  in  the  surrounding  country  who 
could  be  assisted  by  a  single  demonstrator  paid  by  the  town. 

Make  a  careful  study  of  a  limited  number  of  credit  accounts  made 
by  farmers  in  he  town. 

Make  a  descriptive  study  of  all  public  or  private  roads  in  the 
county. 

Study  for  a  period  of  one  month  market  prices  received  by  farmers 
who  dispose  of  produce  in  the  town. 

Make  a  careful  study  of  the  conveniences  available  for  country 
women  who  must  spend  the  day  in  town. 

For  many  other  topics  of  study — indicating  means  whereby  the 
town  may  help  the  country — see  Part  II. 

SUBJECTS  PRIMARILY  RURAL 

Farming  Efficiency. 

Make  a  study  of  the  crops,  with  relative  amounts  of  each,  grown 
on  a  dozen  farms  in  the  community. 

Make  a  study  of  the  number  and  kind  of  live  stock  raised  in  the 
community. 

Make  a  'detailed  study  of  rotation  of  crops  as  practiced  on  a  dozen 
farms  in  the  community. 

Classify  all  farms  in  the  community  according  to  size,  proportion 
in  cultivation,  and  general  condition  of  soil. 

Classify  all  families  living  on  farms  according  as  they  are  owners 
or  tenants. 

Make  a  comparative  study  of  the  values  of  land  on  dicerent  farms 
in  the  same  community. 

Merchandise  and  Exchange. 

Make  a  study  from  the  post-office  of  parcel  post  business  for  one 
year. 

18 


Make  a  detailed  study  of  the  farm  products  marketed  from  a 
dozen  farms  in  the  community. 

Describe  the  working  of  at  least  one  co-operative  buying  or 
selling  organization  among  farmers. 

Make  a  careful  study  of  the  prices  paid  for  articles  bought  for  a 
year  by  several  farmers. 

Outline  a  plan  whereby  the  country  store  may  become,  not  only 
more  effcient  in  its  selling  capacity  but  also  a  centre  of  community 
life. 

Transportation. 

Describe  the  systems  of  transportation  in  use  in  the  community. 

Draw  a  map  of  the  county  showing  public  and  private  highways. 

Describe  the  system,  of  working  roa^cJs. 

Make  a  study  of  freight  schedules  and  rates  on  the  local  rail- 
roads. 

Make  a  study  of  schedules  and  conveniences  offered  for  rapid 
transportation. 

Make  a  survey  showing  practical  routes  for  interurban  car  lines. 

Communication. 

Make  an  exhaustive  study  of  all  methods  of  communication  in  the 
community. 

Make  a  careful  study  of  the  rural  free  delivery  service. 

Describe  the  rural  telephones  in  use  and  outline  a  plan  for  en- 
largement. 

Enumerate  the  instances  where  bad  roards  retard  communication 
to  a  large  extent. 

Through  what  cultural  activities  is  the  community  in  adequate 
communication  with  the  rest  of  the  world? 

For  other  topics  on  communication,  see  Publicity  artd  Uplift  Com- 
munication. 

Rural  Finance. 

How  many  farmers  run  on  a  cash  basis? 

Make  a  study  of  the  credit  system  in  vogue  and  the  rates  of 
interest  on  loans. 

Make  out  a  tabulated  schedule  showing  savings  on  commodities 
through  a  cash  basis  of  purchase. 

Outline  a  plan  whereby  the  majority  of  farmers  may  buy  on  a 
cash  basis. 

Outline  a  practical  plan  for  rural  credits. 

Make  a  study  of  typical  mortgages  in  the  community. 

Organization  and  Co-operation. 

Describe  the  co-operative  efforts  that  have  been  undertaken  in 
the  community. 

Outline  a  plan  for  a  co-operative  country  store. 

Outline  a  plan  for  a  cow-testing  association. 

Outline  a  plan  for  a  co-operative  buying  association. 

Outline  a  plan  for  a  co-operative  selling  association. 

Classify  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  organization  among  the 
farmers.  ^  .     . 

19 


Health  and  Sanitation, 

Make  a  study  of  the  death  rate  in  total  and  by  principal  diseases 
in  the  community. 

'Make  a  study  of  the  death  rate  among  children  under  five  years 
of  age  during  the  last  five  years. 

Make  a  special  study  of  the  drinking  wells  in  the  community. 

Make  a  study  of  the  arrangement  and  condition  of  outhouses  in 
the  community. 

Describe  the  efforts  for  promoting  health  and  sanitation  in  the 
community. 

Make  an  inspection  of  the  work  of  local  physicians. 

Social  Satisfactions. 

Make  a  study  of  the  social  gatherings  of  the  community. 

Describe  the  means  of  entertainment  and  recreation  open  to  the 
people  of  the  community  according  to  classes,  if  there  be  such. 

Describe  tendencies  toward  jealousies  and  feuds  in  the  community, 
if  there  be  such. 

Outline  a  plan  for  a  general  social  centre  for  all  the  community. 

What  provisions  are  made  for  giving  equal  opportunity  to  all  and 
for  caring  for  the  unfortunate? 

The  Rural  Church. 

Make  a  study  of  all  churches  and  membership,  classified  by  de- 
nominations, of  the  community. 

Describe  the  efforts  of  the  churches  to  ai  din  the  social  satisfac- 
tions of  life. 

Describe  the  efforts  of  the  church  to  aid  the  farmers. 

Outline  a  program  twhereby  all  churches  can  contribute  to  the 
wholesome  recreation  of  the  community. 

Make  a  special  study  of  the  church  buildings  and  grounds  in  the 
community  with  a  view  to  improving  conditions. 

Describe  all  instances  in  which  denominational  strife  has  retarded 
the  work  of  schools  or  other  community  interests. 

The  Rural  School. 

Make  a  study  of  all  school  huildings  in  the  county  or  district  with 
reference  to  hygiene  and  equipment. 

Make  a  study  of  the  school  grounds  of  all  schools  in  the  community. 

Describe  the  work  anid'  methods  in  a  consolidated  school. 

Outline  a  plan  whereby  the  school  may  become  a  social  centre 
for  the  community. 

Describe  the  curriculum  and  methods  of  teaching  in  a  selected 
number  of  schools  with  a  view  to  making  recommendations. 

Classify  all  teachers  in  the  county  according  to  the  preparation 
they  have  had  for  rural  education. 

Civic  Efforts  and  Other  Education. 

Describe  the  work  of  the  women's  clubs  in  the  community. 
Describe  the  efforts  for  providing  recreation  for  children  in  the 
community. 

20 


Describe  the  efforts  put  forth  for  promoting  music,  art  and  general 
culture  in  the  community. 

Make  a  study  of  the  history  of  the  community. 
Classify  men  according  to  their  political  affiliations. 
Outline  a  plan  for  a  citizens'  civic  club. 

Publicity  and  Uplift  Communiciation. 

Make  a  careful  study  of  the  newspapers,  periodicals,  bulletins  or 
other  publications  received  by  the  families  of  the  community. 

Outline  "an  ideal  list"  of  publications  within  the  means  of  the 
farmer's  family. 

Describe  the  local  newspaper  anid  list  subjects  of  discussions  for 
three  months. 

Outline  a  plan  of  newspaper  publicity  for  schools,  churches  and 
general  civic  intelligence. 

Outline  a  policy  for  the  country  newspaper. 

Outline  a  plan  whereby  printed  posters  and  bulletins  may  be  used 
effectively  for  education  and  information  of  health,  sanitation,  and 
other  problems  relating  to  everyday  life  in  the  community. 

Country  Womanhood. 

Describe  the  day's  routine  work  of  the  average  woman  on  the 
farm. 

Describe  the  social  life  of  the  women  of  the  community  for  a  period 
of  six  months,  in  detail. 

Make  a  study  of  property  owned  by  women  on  the  farm  and  the 
part  they  play  in  supporting  the  family. 

Outline  a  practical  plan  for  reducing  the  drudgery  or  unnecessary 
work  of  the  home. 

Make  a  study  of  opportunities  in  the  community  for  making  it 
more  attractive  and  comfortable  for  country  womanhooid. 

Make  a  census  of  the  country  girls  who  are  planning  to  go  to 
town  or  who  prefer  city  husbands. 

The  Country  Home  and  Family. 

.Make  a  statistical  study  of  all  families  in  the  community  with 
reference  to  numbers,  ages  and  education. 

Classify  families  according  to  the  ages  <when  father  and  mother 
were  married. 

Analyze  the  causes  of  domestic  unhappiness  in  the  community. 

Classify  all  families  according  to  ownership  of  homes. 

Outline  a  plan  for  equipping  modest  homes  with  more  conveniences 
and  comforts. 

Make  a  study  of  the  practical  and  artistic  equipment  of  typical 
homes  in  the  community. 

Rural  Aesthetics. 

Describe  the  specially  attractive  landscape  features  of  the  com- 
munity. 

Outline  a  plan  for  the  beautification  of  the  community  in  a  prac- 
tical way  by  the  improvement  of  roads,  bridges,  trees  and  park 
spaces. 

Make  a  stuidy  of  the  arrangement  and  location  of  farm  residences 
and  outhouses. 

21 


Classify  all  houses  of  the  community  according  to  the  condition 
of  paint  and  repair. 

Draw  up  a  plan  for  a  simple  ideal  country  home  and  grounds. 

Outline  a  plan  for  the  beautification  of  the  country  store,  railroad 
station,  shops  and  the  elimination  of  objectionable  advertising  mat- 
ter. 

The  Develi^ment  of  Rural  Leadership. 

Describe  the  opportunities  for  leadership  in  the  rural  community. 

Make  a  study  of  the  methods  and  personality  of  every  leader  in 
the  community. 

Outline  a  plan  for  developing  qualities  of  leadership  among  boys 
through  boys'  clubs. 

Make  a  study  if  methods  of  developing  leadership  among  girls. 

What  are  the  churches  and  schools  doing  toward  the  development 
of  leadership  in  the  country? 

Enumerate  the  methods  in  present  day  educational  efforts  which 
tend  to  reduce  leadership  in  the  country. 

Recognition  of  Rural  Leadership. 

Give  brief  biographical  sketch  of  leaders  in  the  community. 

Enumerate  citizens  of  the  community  who  are  active  in  other  com- 
munities. 

Make  a  classification  of  the  farmers  in  the  county  who  are  recog- 
nized in  the  county  political  organizations. 

Outline  a  plan  whereby  farmers  may  force  recognition  in  indus- 
trial and  political  life. 

Write  biographies  of  farmers  who  are  in  Who's  Who  or  others 
lists  of  recognized  men. 

For  a  period  of  five  years  back,  enumerate  names  of  farmers  or 
farmers  folk  who  have  belongeid  to  important  state  commissions,  del- 
egations or  committees. 

Rural  Values. 

Make  a  study  of  the  drift  from  country  to  city  in  one  or  more 
communities,  the  period  of  time  to  be  several  years. 

Make  a  careful  study  of  a  considerable  numher  of  individuals  in 
town  or  city  with  reference  to  their  attitude  toward  the  worth  and 
character  of  farm  workers. 

Classify  a  considerable  number  of  country  or  village  men  and 
boys  according  to  their  attitude  toward  the  dignity  of  labor. 

Classify  comparatively  the  satisfactions  of  life  that  are  permanent 
in  the  country  and  in  the  city. 

Write  the  story  of  the  young  women  in  the  country  who  have  i*e- 
fused  to  accept  the  conditions  of  the  country. 

Outline  principles  whereby  both  the  rural  folk  and  city  folk  may 
come  to  a  true  estimate  of  rural  values. 

Commercial  Growth  and  Expansion. 

Make  a  study  of  the  efforts  on  the  part  of  the  community  to  per- 
fect its  schools,  churches,  government  and  other  activities  in  order 
to  attract  desirable  settlers. 

Outline  a  practical  plan  for  a  country  community  booster  club. 

22 


Describe  the  commercial  and  industrial  relationships  between  this 
community  and  surrounding  communities. 

Describe  efforts  toward  conservation  of  community  resources. 

Analyze  the  causes  which  have  led  to  the  departure  of  citizens 
from  the  community  during  the  last  ten  years. 

Make  a  study  of  the  special  industries  or  products  of  the  com- 
munity. 

Co-operation  With  Governmental  Efforts. 

Describe  the  spirit  of  government  in  the  community  during  the 
last  five  years. 

Make  a  statistical  stuidy  of  violation  of  law  in  the  community  during 
the  last  five  years. 

Describe  noteworthy  causes  of  lawlessness. 

Make  a  careful  study  of  tax  returns  in  the  community. 

Describe  difficulties  in  the  way  of  health  inspectors,  food  inspec- 
tors, efforts  toward  eradication  of  diseases  among  cattle  and  hogs, 
and  other  beneficial  governmental  functions. 

Make  a  study  of  all  co-operation  on  the  part  of  the  community  in 
taking  advantage  of  governmental  demonstrators,  engineers  or  other 
special  agents. 

SUBJECTS  RELATING  TO  GENERAL  SOCIAL  PROBLEMS. 
The  Home  and  Family. 

Make  a  statistical  study  of  the  number  and  size  of  families  in  the 
community. 

What  is  the  average  age  of  men  and  women  at  time  of  marriage 
in  one  hundred  cases  taken  from  the  latest  records  of  the  com- 
munity? 

In  how  many  families  is  there  a  "family  altar,"  information  to  be 
sought  in  the  proper  way? 

Make  a  statistical  study  of  the  occupation  of  women  in  one  hun- 
idred  families  in  the  community  or  county  or  city. 

Make  a  statistical  study  of  all  divorces  and  separations  during 
the  last  five  years  in  the  community  or  in  parts  of  it. 

What  percentage  of  families  own  their  homes  ? 

Child  Welfare  and  Youth. 

Make  a  careful  descriptive  study  of  all  efforts  in  the  community 
on  behalf  of  child  welfare. 

What  proportion  of  the  children  in  the  schools  are  above  or  belaw 
"normal"  in  school  work  or  in  health  ? 

Describe  good  methods  for  conducting  a  summer  baby-saving  pro- 
gram in  the  community. 

Make  a  descriptive  study  of  the  playgrounds  and  recreation  facili- 
ties for  summer  play  for  children  in  the  community. 

Classify  according  to  ages  anidi  causes  of  death  the  death  list  of 
children  under  five  years  of  age  during  the  last  year. 

Poverty  and  Relief. 

Make  a  descriptive  study  of  the  methods  used  in  the  local  alms- 
house, paupers'  home  or  "poor  house." 

23 


Write  a  carefully  worked  out  story  of  the  history  of  a  considerable 
number  of  inmates  of  the  almshouses. 

Make  a  careful  study  of  instances  in  which  old  couples  are  sep- 
arated in  their  declining  years  because  of  poverty. 

Analyze  the  causes  of  poverty  in  a  considerable  number  of  cases. 

Make  a  descriptive  study  of  the  organization  and  work  of  an  asso- 
ciated charities  or  organized  charities  group. 

Make  a  careful  study  of  cases  needing  community  help  or  direction 
with  a  view  to  suggesting  proper  methods. 

Crime  and  Vice. 

Make  a  careful  study  of  all  criminal  cases  in  the  community  or 
parts  of  the  community  during  the  last  year. 

Classify  causes,  condition  of  persons,  age  and  penalties  of  a  con- 
siderable number  of  misdemeanors  as  recorded  on  the  police  records. 

What  proportion  of  all  crimes  committed  were  due  in  part  or 
wholly  to  the  influence  of  intoxicating  liquors  ? 

Compare  the  criminal  records  of  the  negroes  and  'whites. 

Describe  the  situation  in  the  community  with  reference  to  the 
treatment  of  vice. 

Describe  minutely  the  associations  and  treatment  of  inmates  of 
prisons. 

Labor  and  Capital. 

Describe  conditions  of  child  labor  in  the  community. 

Make  a  careful  study  of  the  hours  of  labor  in  a  number  of  typical 
factories. 

Make  a  study  of  causes  of  scarcity  of  labor,  or  of  unemployment. 

Make  a  study  of  wages  in  the  community. 

Classify  all  property  owners  according  to  amounts  of  property 
from  the  lowest  to  the  highest. 

Make  a  study  of  the  attitude  toward  employees  of  two  or  three 
larger  employers  of  labor. 

City  Problems. 

(Other  than  administrative.) 

Make  a  careful  study  of  the  evils  of  congestion  in  a  congested 
district  of  the  city. 

Make  a  study  of  the  housing  and  sanitation  of  a  city  block. 

Make  a  study  of  the  saloons  of  a  part  or  all  of  the  city. 

Make  a  study  of  the  ages  and  occupations  of  a  portion  of  the 
population. 

Make  a  study  of  the  infant  ideath  rate  of  cities. 

Investigate  one  hundred  cases  of  homeless  men  and  women  or 
children. 

Immigration. 

Classify  the  immigrants  of  the  community  according  to  nationality 
or  race. 

Classify  the  immigrants  of  the  community  according  to  occupa- 
tion and  rate  of  wages. 

What  proportion  of  the  immigrants  own  homes  or  other  property? 

Make  a  study  of  the  latest  census  reports  concerning  the  foreign 
born  population  of  the  United  States. 

24 


Investigate  the  illiteracy  of  immigrants  and  suggest  methods  for 
better  education. 

Write  a  brief  story  of  the  life  of  Jacob  Riis. 

The  Negro  Problem. 

Make  a  concrete  study  of  the  negroes  in  the  community  or  in  parts 
of  it,  using  any  good  survey  method. 

Make  a  specially  minute  study  of  conditions  among  the  negroes 
with  reference  to  disease  artd  sanitation. 

Investigate  the  labor  problem  of  the  community,,  with  reference  to 
general  labor  and  domestic  help. 

Investigate  instances  of  injustice  to  negroes  in  the  community. 

Study  instances  of  helpful  co-operation  or  unnecessary  conflict  be- 
tween the  races. 

Make  a  collection  of  negro  folk-songs  and  stories  in  the  comt- 
munity. 

Practical  Problems  of  Education  and  Civics. 

Make  a  study  of  cases  of  children  out  of  school  and  of  illiteracy 
in  the  community  which  could  be  avoided  by  means  of  a  compulsory 
education  law. 

Inquire  into  the  tendencies  toward  "materialism"  in  the  com- 
munity. 

Inquire  into  the  tendencies  toward  lawlessness. 

Inquire  into  Sabbath  observance  and  religious  practices  in  the 
community. 

Make  a  stuid'y  of  the  conservation  of  natural  resources  in  the  com- 
munity. 

Make  an  exhaustive  study  of  cases  of  unequality  of  opportunity 
in  the  community;  of  redirected  democracy. 

Feminist  Adjustment. 

Describe  the  occupations,  outside  the  home,  open  to  women  of 
the  community,  with  the  number  of  women  employed  and  the  wages 
received. 

Describe  the  organization  and  work  of  women's  clubs  in  the  com- 
munity. 

Work  out  the  proportion  of  women  in  the  community  interested 
in  social  work;  in  one  or  more  women's  clubs;  in  suffrage. 

Make  a  study  of  the  education  of  women  in  the  community. 

Take  a  poll  of  the  community  or  parts  of  it  to  ascertain  what  part 
is  in  favor  of  equal  suffrage  for  women. 

Interview  a  considerable  number  of  men  with  a  double  view  to 
learning  their  attitude  toward  the  double  standarid!  of  morality  for 
men  and  women. 

SUBJECTS  RELATING  TO  SOCIAL  THEORY. 
The  History  of  Society. 

Make  careful  observations  of  the  play  activities  of  a  group  of  chil- 
dren during  a  definite  period  of  time  and  contrast  their  actions  with 
those  of  primitive  peoples. 

Make  an  inquiry  into  the  history  of  the  Indian  tribes  which  inhab- 
ited this  section  of  the  country,  study  their  forms  of  society,  their 
family  relationships  and  their  physical  characteristics. 

25 


Select  a  score  of  average  families  in  the  community  and  trace 
their  ancestry  to  ascertain  how  many  ethnic  elements  go  to  make 
up  their  present  blood. 

Trace  the  influence  of  the  metronymic  form  of  the  family  in  our 
present  family  associations. 

Select  some  family  of  large  connections,  or  a  number  of  families, 
and  illustrate,  from  their  society,  principles  involved  in  the  formation 
and  government  of  clans  or  tribes. 

Point  out  influences  of  climate  and  topography  upon  the  life,  man- 
ners, and  industries  of  the  people  of  the  community. 

The  Theory  of  Society. 

Classify  the  principal  forms  of  imitation  in  the  community;  make 
a  list  of  inventions  to  be  found,  either  patented  or  not. 

Enumerate  the  customs  or  "mores"  predominating  in  the  commu- 
nity, with  special  emphasis  upon  local  peculiarities. 

Make  a  census  of  private  opinions  upon  a  selected  theme  and  com- 
pare results  with  "public  opinion"  upon  the  same  theme. 

Analyze  the  basis  upon  which  social  groups  in  the  community  are 
based. 

Analyze  the  psychic  factors  underlying  change  of  residence,  change 
of  occupation,  change  of  associations,  change  of  political  party,  on  the 
part  of  individuals;  and  on  the  part  of  groups  of  mob  action,  real 
estate  booms,  or  other  community  activities,  selecting  specific  in- 
stances in  each  case. 

The  Physical  Environment. 

Describe  the  climate  of  the  community  and  give  the  medium  rainfall, 
humidity  and  temperature  for  the  four  seasons. 

Describe  the  chief  physical  features  of  the  land — mountainous  or 
hill  country  or  swamps,  giving  the  maximum  altitude,  the  drainage 
system  and  the  tillable  condition  of  lands. 

Enumerate  the  native  flora  and  fauna,  and  also  describe  condition 
of  each  at  the  present  time. 

Other  than  farming,  what  primary  occupations — mining,  lumbering 
hunting,  fishing — still  prevail  ? 

Describe  the  chief  annual  crops  produced  and  the  principal  articles 
of  diet. 

Collect  and  classify  all  local  myths  and  legends  concerning  hills, 
valleys,  mountains,  streams,  caves  or  other  natural  phenomenon,  or 
animals  and  plants. 

The  Population. 

What  is  the  population  of  the  community,  county,  or  state  per 
square  mile? 

Classify  the  population  of  the  community  according  as  they  are  na- 
tives of  the  community,  county,  other  counties,  the  state,  other  states, 
the  United  States,  foreign  nations. 

Show  the  rates  of  natural  increase  of  population  (that  is,  birth  rate 
over  death  rate)  in  the  community  for  the  last  ten  years. 

Make  a  study  of  the  emigration  from  and  the  immigration  to  the 
community  during  the  last  ten  years,  giving  reasons  for  movement 
of  population. 

'Classify  the  population  according  to  age,  sex,  and  degree  of  blood 
relationship. 

Classify  the  population  according  to  occupations. 

26 


Social  Relationships, 

Make  a  study  of  the  community  activities  during  the  period  of  un- 
certainty in  the  Mexican  crisis  in  1914;  and  also  a  study  of  the  enlist- 
ment for  the  Spanish-American  'war. 

Describe  the  principal  economic  and  legal  activities  of  the  commu- 
nity. 

Describe  the  forms  and  degrees  of  competition  and  rivalry  in  the 
community. 

Make  a  study  of  classes  in  the  community  with  reference  to  social 
intercourse,  schools  and  education,  cultural  and  other  activities. 

Make  a  study  of  the  activities  of  the  political  parties  of  the  com- 
munity. 

Describe  all  forms  of  co-operation,  private,  in  the  community. 

The  Social  Organization. 

Describe  public  forms  of  organization  in  the  community. 

Describe  private  forms  of  organization  in  the  community. 

Make  a  study  of  the  county  showing  number  of  families,  number  of 
villages  and  number  of  towns,  with  populations. 

Make  a  study  of  the  church  organizations  in  the  community  or 
county. 

Classify  the  activities  of  city  or  state  government  in  serving  the 
people  of  the  community. 

The  Social  Welfare. 

Describe  all  feuds,  riots,  or  mob  actions  in  the  community  during 
the  last  ten  years. 

Describe  the  increase  in  property  values  and  the  property  owners 
in  the  community  according  to  definite  standards  of  estimated  worth. 

Classify  all  men  and  women  of  the  community  according  to  pro- 
fessional and  labor  experience. 

Enumerate  and  describe  the  forces  leading  to  culture  and  educa- 
tion, as  for  example,  libraries,  colleges,  laboratories. 

Make  a  careful  study  of  all  forms  of  mental  and  moral  abnormality 
in  the  community. 

Classify  a  considerable  number  of  the  population  according  to 
avowed  ideals,  personality  and  conduct. 


27 


CHAPTER  IV. 

Special  References  and  Recommendations  for  Athens. 

Although  the  program  of  civic  activities  described  are  applicable 
in  general  to  all  of  our  communities,  it  will  be.  of  special  interest  to 
apply  them  to  the  city  of  Athens.  And-  the  first  application  vfill  be 
found  in  a  statistical  comparison  between  Athens  and  the  average  of 
other  cities  in  her  population  classification.  Such  a  classification  for 
the  present,  must  necessarily  be  based  upon  the  United  States  census 
rather  than  upon  these  divisions  suggested.  Nevertheless  the  funda- 
mentals are  the  same  and  valuable  comparisons  can  be  made  from  an 
examination  of  the  following  table: 

MUNICIPAL  EXPENDITURES— ATHENS   AND  OTHER   CITIES. 
Percentage  of  Total  Expenditures  Distributed. 


NATURE  OF  EXPENDITURE 


Cities  in  U.  S. 


Cides  with  Pop. 
30.000  to  50.000 


Athe 


General  Government   . . . . 

Protection   

Health   

Sanitation  

Highways    

Churches  and  Corrections 

Education    

Recreation    

Miscellaneous  

General 


11.7 
23.4 

1.9 

8.1 
11.8 

6.6 
29.8 

3.7 
.4 

2.6 


9.1 

21.9 

1.6 

7.2 
14.1 

3.7 
38.4 

2.4 
.5 

1.3 


12.1 

29.1 
4.0 
5.2 

18.4 
1.4 

28.0 

".i 

1.3 


The  city  of  Athens  appears  specially  adapted  both  in  its  present 
opportunities  and  in  the  spirit  of  its  people  for  making  great  re- 
gress in  all  phases  of  efficiency  of  service  as  outlined  above.  That 
perfection  of  such  a  program  is  a  matter  of  long  growth  and  per- 
sistent efforts  may  be  assumed.  There  are,  however,  many  specific 
steps  which  may  and  should  be  taken  at  once,  in  so  far  as  the  begin- 
ning in  thought,  planning,  and  actual  enactment  are  concerned.  In 
the  suggestions  which  follow  no  attempt  is  ma'de  to  go  exhaustively 
into  detail,  the  purpose  being  only  to  suggest  in  accordance  with  the 
program  of  points  already  outlined.  It  is  not  presumed  to  make 
expert  recommendations  in  any  field,  other  than  the  extent  to  which 
classification  and  suggestion  in  accordance  with  the  most  advanced 
thought  may  be  expert. 

No  suggestion  is  presumed,  for  instance,  concerning  the  division  of 
financial  methods,  since  this  is  admittedly  a  matter  for  expert  ac- 
countancy and  scientific  budget  planning;  this  study  on  the  contrary 
had  available  neither  the  time  nor  the  expert  services  with  the  ac- 
companying expenses  which  would  have  been  needed  to  be  of  service 
to  the  city  in  this  respect.  Likewise  in  order  to  make  suggestions 
concerning  the  public  education  many  expert  studies  would  have  been 


23 


necessary,  entirely  without  the  scope  of  this  inquiry.  In  this  con- 
nection, however,  attention  may  be  called,  for  instance,  to  the  question 
whether  an  itemized  budget  and  system  for  accounting  for  expenses, 
on  the  one  hand,  or  an  increased  use  of  the  school  plants  and  yard,  on 
the  other,  would  not  increase  eff  ciency  of  service  to  the  city  generally. 
Likewise,  with  reference  to  the  division  of  general  administration,  an 
examination  of  the  new  proposed'  charter  which  is  just  being  com- 
pleted gives  evidence  that  many  of  the  defects  of  the  present  admin- 
istration system  will  be  remedied,  and  that  further  details  must  be 
enacted  by  the  councils  and  classified  under  the  several  specified 
divisions  of  public  service.  The  important  problem  here  will  be  to 
establish  an  efficient  and  clearly  defined  functional  organization  with 
reference  to  division  or  idepartmental  units  of  organization. 

In  fact,  all  suggestions  take  the  form  of  a  challenge  to  unusual 
opportunity  in  the  city  of  Athens,  opportunities  for  every  type  of 
private  and  official  effort.  The  fact  that  Athens  is  a  superior  and 
attractive  city  gives  no  license  to  rest  its  progress  in  municipal 
service  but  on  the  contrary  offers  increased  responsibility.  To  those 
who  feel  the  desire  and  willingness  to  express  their  loyalty  and  citi- 
zenship in  terms  of  constructive  service,  the  following  opportunities, 
among  the  most  important  of  a  larger  list,  arranged  according  to  the 
classification  previously  used,  will  perhaps  offer  something  of  stimu- 
lation— perhaps  inspiration  ? 

1.  Provisions  for  not  only  nominal,  but  adequate  recreational 
facilities,  especially  parks  and  playgrounds.  Can  the  city  ever  be- 
come socially  efficient  without  such  provisions,  and  even  though 
future  generations  must  pay  the  penalty  in  ill-health,  crime  and  vice 
or  inefficiency  of  citizenship,  is  there  any  standard  whereby  the 
present  generation  is  excused  from  meeting  so  great  a  social  nee'd? 

2.  Provisions  for  a  civic  center,  to  include  an  adequate  public 
library,  reading  rooms,  art  gallery,  children's  playrooms  and  a  place 
for  civic  assembly  meetings.  That  this  should  provide  so  far  as  pos- 
sible for  preserving  local  traditions  and  interest  would  be  an  added 
feature.  No  amount  of  commercial  expansion  can  take  the  place  of 
the  public  library  and  the  other  civic  and  cultural  forces.  The  sim- 
plest of  laws  applies  here:  The  city  provides  or  it  suffers  the  conse- 
quences. 

3.  Provisions  for  an  expansion  of  facilities  for  the  city's  laboring 
citizens  and  factories  in  accor^dance  with  lower  rates  of  living-.  That 
the  high  rates  of  interest  and  rents  and  the  scarcity  of  accommoda- 
tions tend  to  retard  the  city's  growth  and  comfort  is  a  matter  for 
serious  study.  This  is,  however,  a  matter  for  co-operation  of  city 
with  private  capital  and  planning  but  none  the  less  urgent  on  that 
account. 

4.  Provisions  for  adequate  terminal  facilities  in  a  central  union 
station  for  the  railroads.  The  city  must  be  handicapped  so  long  as 
the  present  arrangement  prevails. 

5.  Provisions  for  the  sanitary,  and  if  possible  profitable,  disposal 
of  the  city's  garbage. 

6.  Provisions  for  more  adequate  inspection  of  and  better  service 
to  the  negro  sections  of  the  town,  looking  to  the  elimination  of  the 
menace  of  'disease  to  the  community  and  to  the  raising  of  the  stand- 
ards of  this  class  of  laborers  and  citizens. 

7.  Provisions  for  adequate  hospital  services  for  the  city,  either 
public  or  public  in  co-operation  with  private. 

8.  Provisions  for  meeting  the  needs  of  youthful  offenders  and  for 

29 


preventing  juvenile  crime.  That  juvenile  oflFenses  are  on  the  increase 
and  that  a  child  may  be  forced  to  spend  days  or  nights  in  the  prisons 
for  petty  offenses  indicates  a  serious  problem. 

9.  Provisions  for  special  efforts  toward  fire  prevention  and  the 
enforcement  of  regulations  concerning  fire  escapes,  exits  to  theaters 
and  the  crowding  of  aisles  in  theaters. 

10.  Provisions  for  the  special  handling  of  the  vice  problem  and 
other  evils,  with  special  reference  to  the  visiting  student  body  in 
Athens. 

11.  Provisions  for  the  supervision  of  weights  and  measures  in  the 
city. 

12.  Provisions  for  adequate  food,  meat  and  milk  inspection,  for 
which  the  need  is  urgent,  much  alreading  having  been  done. 

13.  Provisions  for  a  public  or  co-operative  market  for  the  service 
of  the  city  and  the  country,  with  grain  elevator,  and  other  needs  for 
markets. 

14.  Provisions  for  adequate  accommodations  to  the  visitors  from 
rural  districts  and  towns  in  the  form  of  a  co-operative  or  a  municipal 
wagon  shed,  perhaps  organized  in  connection  with  the  public  markets. 
This  is  needed  not  only  for  the  comfort  of  visitors  and  the  success  of 
merchants  but  for  the  sanitary  protection  of  certain  parts  of  the  qdty. 

15.  Provisions  for  a  rest  room  and  city  home  for  women  who  may 
spend  the  day  in  the  city. 

16.  Provisions  for  comfort  stations  in  the  city. 

17.  Provisions  for  an  annual  agricultural  fair. 

18.  Provisions  whereby  Athens  may  be  made  a  "bird  city"  and  a 
"flower  city." 

19.  Provisions  for  a  new  city  charter. 

20.  Special  recognition  of  the  mutual  interdependence  of  Athens 
and  her  educational  institutions  and  the  perpetuation  of  the  cordial 
relations  existing  between  the  town  and  colleges. 

21.  Provisions  for  accelerating  the  commercial  growth  and  expan- 
sion of  the  city,  such  as  increased  wholesale  facilities,  railroad  mile- 
age, manufacturing  interests,  general  advertising  and  wide  awake 
activities. 

22.  Provisions  whereby  the  city  of  Athens,  the  University  of 
Georgia,  the  State  Normal  School  and  the  State  College  of  Agricul- 
ture may  unite  in  a  program  to  make  Clarke  county  a  model  county 
of  Georgia,  in  accordance  with  the  rural  services  mentioned  above. 

While  many  other  special  needs  will  arise  in  time,  such  as  pro- 
visions to  prevent  overcrowding  in  the  city  for  all  time  to  come,  the 
development  of  the  beautiful  suburban  territory,  the  ordering  of 
streets  and  the  supervision  of  building  plans  for  model  and  service- 
able building,  together  with  the  scores  of  critical  details  within  the 
different  departments  of  service,  the  above  suggestion  suffice  to  in- 
dicate the  present  opportunity.  That  Athens  is  peculiarly  adapted  in 
resources  and  citizenship  to  carry  out  these  plans;  that  no  serious  ob- 
stacles lie  in  the  way  of  a  single  project;  and  that  the  vdll  to  begin 
•was  never  so  strong  as  present — ^these  all  constitute  an  ideal  and  an 
aim  the  attainment  of  which  will  make  a  new  era  in  the  city  and  the 
state.  Athens  has  long  since  hegun  and  is  making  sufficiently  sub- 
stantial progress  to  challenge  further  achievement. 


30 


CHAPTER  V. 
Bibliography. 

Only  a  short  list  of  references  need  be  given.  The  majority  of 
those  listed  will  prove  of  practical  value.  Especial  attention  should  be 
called  to  local  reports  of  charities,  health  and  special  activities;  to 
reports  of  national  organizations  and  societies;  to  the  census  reports; 
to  the  publications  of  the  Russell  Sage  Foundation;  to  standard 
periodicals,  such  as  The  Survey,  The  American  City,  together  with 
sociological  and  educational  journals.  References  are  listed  according 
to  previous  subject  classification,  into  Urban;  Rural;  Special  Prob- 
lems, and  Social  Theory. 

Goodnow:  Municipal  Government. 
Rowe:  Problems  of  City  Government. 
Wilcox:  The  American  City. 
Zueblin:  American  Municipal  Progress. 
Fairlie:  Municipal  Administration. 
Howe:The  City:  the  Hope  of  Democracy. 
Parsons:  The  City  for  the  People. 
Strong:  The  Challenge  of  the  City. 
Trawick:  The  City  Church  and  its  Social  Mission. 
Steffens:  The  Shame  of  the  Cities. 
The  American  Academy:  Municipal  Problems. 
Marsh:  Introduction  to  City  Planning, 
Nolen:  Replanning  Small  Cities. 
Olmstead:  City  Planning. 

Byington:  What  Social  Workers  Should  Know  About  Their  Own 
Communities. 

Allen:     Civics  and  Health;  Woman's  Part  in  Government. 
Field  and  Nearing:  Community  Civics. 
Hall:  Educational  Problems. 

Gillette:  Constructive  Rural  Sociology. 

Hart:  Educational  Resources  of  Village  and  Rural  Communities. 
Wilson:  The  Evolution  of  the  Country  Community. 
Plunket:  The  Problem  of  Country  Life  in  America. 
Butterfield:  Chapters  in  Rural  Progress. 
Fiske:  The  Challenge  of  the  Country. 
Carver:  The  Principles  of  Rural  Economics- 
Bailey:  The  Country  Life  Movement. 
Cubberley:  Rural  Life  and  Education. 
Ogden:  Rural  Hygiene. 

Eggleston  and  Bruere:  The  Work  of  the  Country  School. 
Foght:  The  American  Rural  School. 
Kern:  Among  Country  Schools. 
Anderson:  The  Country  Town. 
Fairchild:  Rural  Wealth  and  Welfare. 
Wheeler:  Rural  Homes. 
Eggleston:  Home  and  its  Surroundings. 
Curtis:  Play  and  Recreation  for  the  Open  Country. 
Wilson:  The  Church  of  the  Open  Country. 

31 


Elvvood:  Sociology  and  Modern  Social  Problems. 

Deaiey:  The  Family  in  its  Sociological  Aspects. 

Devine:  The  Family  and  Social  Work. 

V/ilcox:  The  Divorce  Problem. 

Folks:  The  Care  of  Destitute,  Neglected  and  Delinquent  Chlldrea. 

Fletcher:  The  Last  Waif. 

Riis:  Children  of  the  Tenements. 

Report:  Child  Hygiene  Committee  of  Philadelphia,  1912. 

Devine:  Misery  and  Its  Causes. 

The  Principles  of  Relief. 
Warner:  American  Charities. 

Henderson:   Dependent,  Delinquent  and  Defective  Classes. 
Ellis:  The  Criminal. 
Morrison:  Crime  and  Its  Causes. 

Our  Juvenile  Offenders. 
Hall:  Crime  and  Social  Progress. 
Swift:  Some  Criminal  Tendencies  of  Boyhood. 
Ferri:  Criminal  Sociology. 
Nearing:  Social  Adjustment. 

Child  Labor  in  the  United  States. 
Spargo:  Socialism. 
Riis:  How  the  Other  Half  Lives. 
Addams:  The  Spirit  of  Youth  and  the  City  Streets. 
Urwick:  Studies  of  Boy  Life  in  Our  Cities. 
Antin:  The  Promised  Land. 
Commons:  Races  and  Immigrants  in  America. 
Jenks  and  Lauck:  The  Immigration  Problem. 
Hoffman:  Race  Traits  and  Tendencies  of  the  American  Negro. 
Murphy:  The  Basis  of  Ascendency. 
Stone:  Studies  in  the  American  Race  Problem. 
Odum:  Social  and  Mental  Traits  of  the  Negro. 
Addams:  Twenty  Years  at  Hull  House. 
Nearing:  Woman  and  Social  Progress. 
Giddings:  Democracy  and  Empire. 
Wilson:  The  New  Freedom.  , 

Buckle:  The  History  of  Civilization. 
Morgan:  Ancient  Society. 
Webster:  Primitive  Societies. 
Boas:  The  Mind  of  Primitive  Man. 
Sumner:   Folk-ways. 

Tarde:  The  Laws  of  Imitation  (Parsons). 
Conipte:  Positive  Philosophy  (Martineau). 
Spencer:  The  Study  of  Sociology. 
Bagehot:  Physics  and  Politics. 
Giddings:  Principles  of  Sociology. 

Inductive  Sociology. 

Descriptive  and  Historical  Sociology. 
Ward:  Psychic  Factors  in  Civilization. 
Ross:  Social  Psychology. 
Cooley:  Social  Organization. 
Ell  wood:  Sociology  in  its  Psychological  Aspects. 


32 


